1. Home
  2. About the Faculty
  3. People
  4. Faculty Academics

Professor BRAY, Mark

Professor BRAY, Mark

Professor BRAY, Mark

貝 磊

UNESCO Chair Professor in Comparative Education

Emeritus Professor

Academic Unit of Social Contexts and Policies of Education

Qualification

BA (Newcastle upon Tyne), MSc, PhD (Edinburgh)

Email

[javascript protected email address]

Phone

(852) 2219 4194

Location

Room 416, Runme Shaw Building

Research Expertise

  • Educational Policy
  • Equity, Equality and Social Justice in Education
  • International and Comparative Education

Prospective PhD/ EdD/ MPhil Applications

I am not accepting any further PhD/EdD/MPhil applications.

Links

Teaching Areas:

Comparative education

 

Research Interests:

Comparative education; shadow education (private supplementary tutoring)

 

Biographical articles:

  • University Outstanding Research Supervisor Award (2015)
  • Faculty Outstanding Research Supervisor Award (2015)
  • Prestigious Fellowship, Humanities & Social Sciences Panel of the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (2013/14)
  • Comparative & International Education Society (CIES) Higher Education SIG: Best Book Award (2013)
  • International Visiting Scholar, University of British Columbia, Canada: Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies (2012/14)
  • UNESCO Chair in Comparative Education (2012)
  • HKU Knowledge Exchange Award (2012)
  • HKU Outstanding Researcher Award (2000)
  • American Educational Research Association (AERA) International Studies SIG: Outstanding International Study of the Year Award (1996)

  1. Knowledge Exchange (KE) Funding Exercise 2017: ‘Public-Private Partnerships in Supplementary Education: Sharing Experiences in East Asian Contexts’. Event held 9 and 10 December 2017 in partnership with UNESCO.
  2. Seed Fund for Translational and Applied Research 2017-2018: 'Supplementary Tutoring and the Roles of Teachers in Myanmar'. Role: Principal Investigator.
  3. Hong Kong Research Grants Council, General Research Fund (GRF) 2016-2018: 'Private Supplementary Tutoring: Scale, Nature and Implications for Secondary Schooling in Shanghai’. Role: Principal Investigator.
  4. Hong Kong Research Grants Council, General Research Fund (GRF) 2014-2016: ‘Constructing a Theoretical Model of the Relationship between Education Policy and Participation in Private Tutoring in Cambodia’. Role: Principal Investigator.
  5. University of Hong Kong, Professor Shirley Grundy Memorial Fund Knowledge Exchange Grant 2015-2016: ‘Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring and its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia’.
  6. University of Hong Kong, Knowledge Exchange (KE) Funding Exercise 2014: ‘Regulating Private Tutoring for Public Good’. 
  7. University of Hong Kong, Knowledge Exchange (KE) Funding Exercise 2012: Policy Forum ‘Regulating the Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and Government Policies in Asia’. Event held 8-9 April 2013 in partnership with UNESCO-Bangkok and the Asian Development Bank. http://www.unescobkk.org/education/news/article/confronting-the-growth-of-shadow-education
  8. Hong Kong Research Grants Council, General Research Fund (GRF) 2011-2013: ‘Private Supplementary Tutoring: Scale, Nature and Implications for Secondary Schooling in Hong Kong’. Role: Principal Investigator and leader of a team of five.
  9. Asian Development Bank (2011): Study of shadow education and its implications for policy makers in Asia.
  10. European Union (2010): Study of shadow education in Europe.

Academic Books/Monographs

  1. Bray, Mark & Hajar, Anas (2023): Shadow Education in the Middle East: Private Supplementary Tutoring and its Policy Implications. London: Routledge. download here
    • Arabic version published by UNESCO Regional Center for Educational Planning, United Arab Emirates, 2022
  2. Bray, Mark (2021): Shadow Education in Africa: Private Supplementary Tutoring and its Policy Implications. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre (CERC), The University of Hong Kong, in collaboration with UNESCO. download here
    • French version published by CERC, 2021
    • Portuguese version published by CERC, 2021
    • Arabic version published by UNESCO Regional Center for Educational Planning, United Arab Emirates, 2022
  3. Bray, Mark; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa & Kwo, Ora (2020): Shadow Education in Myanmar: Private Supplementary Tutoring and its Policy Implications. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, in collaboration with UNESCO and Yangon University of Education. download here 
  1. Bray, Mark; Kwo, Ora & Jokić, Boris (eds.) (2015), Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methodological Lessons from Diverse Cultures. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer. download here

  2. Bray, Mark; Adamson, Bob & Mason, Mark (eds.) (2014): Comparative Education Research: Approaches and Methods, second edition. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer 

  • Brazilian-Portuguese translation published by Liber Livro, Brasilia (in collaboration with the UNESCO Chair in Education, Youth and Society, Universidade Católica de Brasilia), 2015;
  • Russian translation published by Luhansk University Press, Ukraine, 2015;
  • Korean translation, published by Kyoyookkwahaksa, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 2017;
  • further Russian translation published by Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 2019.
  • Turkish translation published by Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2022
  1. Bray, Mark; Mazawi, André & Sultana, Ronald (eds.) (2013): Private Tutoring across the Mediterranean: Power Dynamics, and Implications for Learning and Equity. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, 216 pp.
  2. Bray, Mark & Varghese, N.V. (eds.) (2011): Directions in Educational Planning: International Experiences and Perspectives. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), 310 pp. download here
  3. Martin, Michaela & Bray, Mark (eds.) (2011): Tertiary Education in Small States: Planning in the Context of Globalization. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, 279 pp.
  4. Masemann, Vandra; Bray, Mark & Manzon, Maria (eds.) (2007): Common Interests, Uncommon Goals: Histories of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies and its Members. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, 383 pp.
  5. Bray, Mark; Adamson, Bob & Mason, Mark (eds.) (2007): Comparative Education Research: Approaches and Methods, Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, 444 pp.
    • Italian translation published by Franco Angeli, Milan, 2009;
    • French translation published by De Boeck, Brussels, 201
    • Spanish translation published by Granica, Buenos Aires, 201
    • Chinese translation published by Peking University Press, 201
    • Japanese translation published by Sophia University Press, 2011;
    • Farsi translation published by Ayesh Publishers, Tehran, 2011.
  6. Silova, Iveta; Budiene, Virginija & Bray, Mark (eds.) (2006): Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring. New York: Open Society Institute, 353 pp.
  7. Bray, Mark & Bunly, Seng (2005): Balancing the Books: Household Financing of Basic Education in Cambodia. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 115 pp.
    • Parallel English-language version published 2005 by the World Bank, Washington DC.
    • Khmer translation published 2007 by UNESCO, Phnom Penh, 116 pp.
    • Chinese translation published 2008 by Beijing Normal University Press Publishing Group, 89 pp.
  8. Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (eds.) (2004): Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change. second edition. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 323 pp.
    • Parallel English-language version published by Springer, Dordrecht, 2005.
    • Chinese translation in traditional characters published by National Taiwan Normal University Press, Taipei, 2005.
    • Chinese translation in simplified characters published by People's Education Press, Beijing, 2006.
  9. Bray, Mark (ed.) (2003): Comparative Education: Continuing Traditions, New Challenges, and New Paradigms. Special double issue of International Review of Education, Vol.49, Nos. 1 & 2. Republished in book form by Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2003, 262 pp.
    • Bulgarian translation published by Bureau of Educational Services, Sofia, 2005;
    • Farsi translation published by Jungle Publishing House, Tehran, 2005;
    • Japanese translation published by Toshindo Press, Tokyo, 2005;
    • Hungarian translation published by Hungarian Pedagogic Society, Budapest, 2006;
    • Italian translation published by Cooperativa Universitaria Editrice Catanese di Magisterio, 2006;
    • Chinese translation published by East China Normal University Press, Shanghai, 2007;
    • Bosnian translation published by University of Sarajevo, 2007;
    • Russian translation published by Institute for Development of Education Systems, Russian Academy of Education, 2008;
    • Spanish translation published by Planea, Mexico City, 2010.
  10. Bray, Mark with Butler, R., Hui, P., Kwo, O. & Mang, E. (2002): Higher Education in Macau: Growth and Strategic Development. Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 124 pp.
  11. Bray, Mark & Lee, W.O. (eds.) (2001): Education and Political Transition: Themes and Experiences in East Asia. CERC Studies in Comparative Education 1, second edition; Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 228 pp..
  12. Bray, Mark & Thomas, R. Murray (eds.) (1998): Financing of Education in Indonesia, Asian Development Bank, Manila/Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 135 pp.
  13. Bray, Mark & Steward, Lucy (eds.) (1998): Examination Systems in Small States: Comparative Perspectives on Policies, Models and Operations, The Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 292 pp. download here
  14. Lee, W.O. & Bray, Mark (eds.) (1996): Education and Socio-Political Change in Asia, special issue of Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol.16, No.1, 121 pp.; Republished in revised form as Lee, W.O. & Bray, Mark (eds.) (1997): Education and Political Transition: Perspectives and Dimensions in East Asia, CERC Studies in Comparative Education 1, Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 115 pp.
  15. Bray, Mark (1996): Counting the Full Cost: Parental and Community Financing of Education in East Asia, The World Bank, Washington DC (in collaboration with UNICEF), 84 pp.  Revised version published in Chinese (2000) by Beijing Normal University Press, 115 pp.
  16. Bray, Mark (ed.) (1993): The Economics and Financing of Education: Hong Kong and Comparative Perspectives, Education Paper 20, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, 170 pp.
  17. Bray, Mark & Packer, Steve (1993): Education in Small States: Concepts, Challenges and Strategies, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 295 pp. 
  18. Bray, Mark (ed.) (1991): Ministries of Education in Small States: Case Studies of Organisation and Management, The Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 295 pp. download here 
  19. Bray, Mark (ed.) (1990): Educational Administration in Hong Kong: Personnel and Schools Education Paper 5, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, 116 pp. 
  20. Bray, Mark with Lillis, Kevin (eds.) (1988): Community Financing of Education: Issues and Policy Implications in Less Developed Countries, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988, 234 pp.
  21. Bray, Mark; Clarke, Peter B. & Stephens, David (1986): Education and Society in Africa, Edward Arnold, London, 191 pp. 
  22. Bray, Mark & Smith, Peter (eds.) (1985): Education and Social Stratification in Papua New Guinea, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, 227 pp.
  23. Bray, Mark (1984): Educational Planning in a Decentralised System: The Papua New Guinean Experience, University of Papua New Guinea Press, Port Moresby/Sydney University Press, Sydney, 159 pp.
  24. Bray, Mark (1981): Universal Primary Education in Nigeria: A Study of Kano State, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 212 pp.

 

Books for Policy-Makers and Administrators  

[All these books are firmly grounded in research, but in style they aim for a non-academic audience.]

  1. Menefee, Trey & Bray, Mark (2015): Education in the Commonwealth: Quality Education for Equitable Development. London: The Commonwealth Secretariat, 288 pp.
  2. Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2014): Regulating Private Tutoring for Public Good: Policy Options for Supplementary Education in Asia. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 93 pp.  
  • Chinese translation 2015, CERC, UNESCO Beijing and CETU, 85 pp.
  • Korean translation 2015, Yonsei University, 141 pp. 
  • Japanese translation 2019, Toshindo, 149 pp.
  1. Menefee, Trey & Bray, Mark (2012): Education in the Commonwealth: Towards and Beyond the Internationally Agreed Goals. London: The Commonwealth Secretariat, 248 pp.
  2. Bray, Mark & Lykins, Chad (2012): Shadow Education: Private Tutoring and its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia. Manila: Asian Development Bank, and Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, 98 pp.
    • Vietnamese translation 2012, CERC and ADB, 99 pp.
    • Chinese translation 2015, CERC and ADB, 103 pp.
    • Russian translation 2016, CERC, ADB, Tomsk Polytechnic University and Kuzbass Regional Institute of Professional Education Development, 118 pp.
  3. Bray, Mark (2011): The Challenge of Shadow Education: Private Tutoring and its Implications for Policy Makers in the European Union. Brussels: European Commission, 79 pp.
  4. Crossley, Michael; Bray, Mark & Packer, Steve (2011): Education in Small States: Policies and Priorities. London: The Commonwealth Secretariat, 85 pp.
  5. Bray, Mark (2009): Confronting the Shadow Education System: What Government Policies for What Private Tutoring?. 132 pp. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP).
    • Arabic translation: Arab League, Cairo, 2012, 145 pp.
    • Armenian translation: UNESCO and French University of Armenia, Yerevan, 2012, 191 pp.
    • Azeri translation: Centre for Educational Innovations, Baku, Azerbaijan, 2012, 167 pp.
    • Bangla translation: UNESCO, Dhaka, 2011, 111 pp.
    • Chinese translation: UNESCO, Beijing, 2012, 122 pp
    • Farsi translation: Lorestan University, Iran, 2014, 154 pp.
    • French translation: UNESCO-IIEP, 2011, 140 pp.
    • Georgian translation: Tbilisi University Press, 2011, 195 pp.
    • Hindi translation: UNESCO, New Delhi, 2011, 132 pp.
    • Kannada translation: UNESCO, New Delhi, 2013, 141 pp.
    • Korean translation: Korean Educational Development Institute, Seoul, 2010, 124 pp
    • Mongolian translation: UNESCO Ulaanbaatar, 2010, 134 pp.
    • Nepali translation: UNESCO Kathmandu, 2012, 120 pp.
    • Polish translation: Wolters Kluwer Polska, 2012, 185 pp.
    • Portuguese translation: Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2014.
    • Sinhala translation: UNESCO New Delhi, 2011, 128 pp.
    • Spanish translation: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Mexico, 2013, 189 pp.
    • Thai translation: Chulalongkorn University Press, 2020, 219 pp.
    • Urdu translation: UNESCO Islamabad, 2010, 125 pp.
    • Uzbek translation: UNESCO Tashkent, 2014, 100 pp.
  6. Bray, Mark (2008): Double-Shift Schooling: Design and Operation for School Effectiveness. Third edition The Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 95 pp. Parallel edition published in English and French by UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Paris
  7. Bray, Mark; Ding Xiaohao & Huang Ping (2004, reprinted 2006): Reducing the Burden on the Poor: Household Costs of Basic Education in Gansu, China. Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong in association with Gansu Basic Education Project, Lanzhou, 67 pp. Also published (in parallel) in Chinese, 53 pp.
  8. Bray, Mark (2003): Adverse Effects of Supplementary Private Tutoring: Dimensions, Implications, and Government Responses. Series: 'Ethics and Corruption in Education'. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, 84 pp.
    • Azeri translation, Baku [Azerbaijan]; Open Society Institute, 2005
    • Chinese translation, Beijing Normal University Press Publishing Group, 2008.
  9. Bray, Mark (2002): The Costs and Financing of Education: Trends and Policy Implications. Series 'Education in Developing Asia'. Asian Development Bank, Manila; Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, 77 pp..
  10. Bray, Mark (2001): Community Partnerships in Education: Dimensions, Variations and Implications. UNESCO, Paris, 48 pp. French version: Partenariats aven les Communautés dans l'Éducation: Dimensions, Variations et Implications.
  11. Bray, Mark (1999; reprinted 2007): The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and its Implications for Planners.  Fundamentals in Educational Planning, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Paris, 97 pp.
    • French translation, UNESCO-IIEP, 1999
    • Azeri translation, Center for Innovation and Policy, Baku, 2006
    • Chinese translation, Beijing Normal University Press Publishing Group, 2008
    • Farsi translation, Resa, Tehran, 2009.
    • Japanese translation, Toshindo, Tokyo, 2014.
  12. Bray, Mark (1999): The Private Costs of Public Schooling: Household and Community Financing of Primary Education in Cambodia, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) in collaboration with UNICEF, Paris, 115 pp. Short version published in Khmer by UNICEF, Phnom Penh, 1999, 27 pp.
  13. Bray, Mark (1996): Decentralization of Education: Community Financing, The World Bank, Washington DC, 51 pp.
    • Thai translation, Krung Thep: Samakngan Khana Kammakan Kansuksa Ha ng Chat, 1999.
    • Farsi translation, International Scientific Cooperation Office, Ministry of Education, Tehran, 2000.
  14. Bray, Mark (1992): Educational Planning in Small Countries, UNESCO, Paris, 130 pp. 
    • French translation, UNESCO, Paris, 1992. 
    • Arabic translation, Jamiat-al-Kuwayt, Kuwait, 1995.
  15. Bray, Mark (1991): Making Small Practical: The Organisation and Management of Ministries of Education in Small States, The Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 127 pp. Weblink here
  16. Bray, Mark (1987): School Clusters in the Third World: Making them Work [also available in French: Les Groupements Scolaires dans le Tiers Monde: Comment les Faire Fonctionner], Digest No.23, UNESCO/ UNICEF, Paris, 147 pp.  Khmer translation published 1994 by UNICEF, Phnom Penh.
  17. Bray, Mark (1987): Are Small Schools the Answer?  Cost-Effective Strategies for Rural School Provision, The Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 89 pp.  Chinese edition published 1990 by State Planning Commission, Beijing. Farsi translation published 2002 by Jameaye No, Tehran. Weblink here
  18. Bray, Mark (1986):New Resources for Education: Community Management and Financing of Schools in Less Developed Countries, The Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 88 pp. Weblink here

Journal articles

  1. Bray, Mark & Ventura, Alexandre (2024): Shadow Education in Latin America: Assembling the Jigsaw. Revista Española de Pedagogía, Vol.82, No.288, pp.193-220. Also in Spanish (‘Educación en la sombra en Latinoamérica: armando el rompecabezas’) and Portuguese (‘Educação na Sombra na América Latina: montando o quebra-cabeças’) https://www.revistadepedagogia.org/rep/vol82/iss288/16/
  2. Bray, Mark; Bhorkar, Shalini & Suante, Peter Kamtungtuang (2024): Quand l’éducation de l’ombre supplante la scolarisation : tendances en Inde et au Myanmar,Revue Internationale d’Éducation de Sèvres,95, pp.26-32. https://journals.openedition.org/ries/14990
  3.  Bray, Mark (2024): Still in Need of Confronting: Shadow Education and its Implications in the Sustainable Development Goals’. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.104, pp.1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102967
  4. Suante, Peter Kamtungtuang & Bray, Mark (2024).  Researching Shapes and Forms of Shadow Education: Methodological Challenges and Complexities of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Myanmar. ECNU Review of Education. Vol.7, No.1, pp.89-110. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/20965311231167194 

  5. Bray, Mark & Hajar, Anas (2024): ‘Complexity of the Contexts: Features of Private Tutoring and Units for Comparison in the GCC Countries of the Middle East’. ECNU Review of Education, Vol.7, No.1, pp.42-65.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20965311221113350

  6. Bray, Mark (2023): ‘The shadow education: perspectives internationales sur un secteur en pleine expansion’. Administration et Éducation: Revue Trimestrielle de l’Association Française des Acteurs de l’Éducation, 108, pp.15-24. Special issue on La marchandisation de l’éducation.https://www.cairn.info/revue-administration-et-education-2023-4-page-15.htm
  7. Bray, Mark & Suante, Peter Kamtungtuang (2023): 'Managing Illegitimacies: Teachers and Private Tutoring in Myanmar's Shadow Education Sector'. International Review of Education. Vol.69, No.6, pp.715-736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-023-10027-9
  9. Bray, Mark & Baba-Moussa, Abdel Rahamane (2023): ‘Measuring Private Tutoring: Methodological Lessons and Insights from Francophone Africa’. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. Weblink here
  10. Bray, Mark (2023): 'Governing Private Tutoring for Public Good: Lessons from International Experiences' Prospects: Comparative Journal of Curriculum, Learning, and Assessment. Weblink here
  11. Bray, Mark (2023): ‘Understanding Private Supplementary Tutoring: Metaphors, Diversities and Agendas for Shadow Education Research’  Journal for the Study of Education and Development, Vol.46, No.4, pp. 728-773 – in English, Spanish and Chinese.Weblink here
  12. Bray, Mark (2023): Geographies of Shadow Education: Patterns and Forces in the Spatial Distributions of Private Supplementary Tutoring. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, Vol.53, No.3, pp.343-360. Weblink here.
  13. Bray, Mark & Zhang, Wei (2023): 'Cross-Border Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Global Education Industry’. Revista Española de Educación Comparada, Vol.42, pp.28-43.Weblink here
  14. Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Timescapes of Shadow Education: Patterns and Forces in the Temporal Features of Private Supplementary Tutoring’. Globalisation, Societies and Education. Weblink here Recording on: http://www.ed.ecnu.edu.cn/en/?p=5083
  15. Suante, Kamtungtuang & Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Displacing the Schools: Default Privatisation and ‘School-less’ Arrangements for Shadow Education in Myanmar’.Asia Pacific Journal of Education.  Weblink here
  16. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Responsibilised Parents and Shadow Education: Managing the Precarious Environment in China’. British Journal of Sociology of Education. Vol.43, No.6, pp.878-897. Weblink here 
  17. Bray, Mark & Ventura, Alexandre (2022): ‘Multiple Systems, Multiple Shadows: Diversity of Supplementary Tutoring Received by Private-School Students in Dubai’. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.92, pp.1-8. Weblink here
  18. Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Teachers as Tutors, and Tutors as Teachers: Blurring Professional Boundaries in Changing Eras’. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, Vol.28, No.1, pp.64-77. Weblink here

  19. Gordon Győri, János & Bray, Mark (2021): 'Learning from Each Other: Expanding and Deepening International Research on Shadow Education, Hungarian Educational Research Journal, Vol.11, No.2, pp79-88.

  20. Bray, Mark (2021). 'Swimming against the tide Comparative lessons from government efforts to prohibit private supplementary tutoring delivered by regular teachers'. Hungarian Educational Research Journal HERJ, Vol.11, No.2, pp.168-188.

  21. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2021): A Changing Environment of Urban Education: Historical and Spatial Analysis of Private Supplementary Tutoring in China. Environment and Urbanization, Vol.33, No.1, pp.43-62.

  22. Bray, Mark (2021). 'Shadow Education in Europe: Growing Prevalence, Underlying Forces, and Policy Implications'. ECNU Review of Education. Vol.4, No.3, pp.442-475 Weblink here.Chinese translation in Global Education, Vol.49, No.2, pp.35-61.

  23. Bray, Mark (2020): 'Les systèmes éducatifs formels ont-ils un avenir?’ [‘Formal Education Systems: Do They have a Future?’]. Revue Internationale d’Éducation de Sèvres, No.83, pp.123-129.
  24. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2020). ‘Private Subtractory Tutoring: The Negative Impact of Shadow Education on Public Schooling in Myanmar’. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.76.
  25. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2020). ‘Comparative research on shadow education: Achievements, challenges, and the agenda ahead’. European Journal of Education, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 322-341.
  26. Ghosh, Pubali & Bray, Mark (2020). ‘School systems as breeding grounds for shadow education: Factors contributing to private supplementary tutoring in West Bengal, India’. European Journal of Education, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 342-360.
  27. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2020). ‘Accountability and (mis)trust in education systems: Private supplementary tutoring and the ineffectiveness of regulation in Myanmar’. European Journal of Education, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 361-375.
  28. Bray, Mark; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa; & Suter, Larry E. (2020). 'The challenges of measuring outside-school-time educational activities: Experiences and lessons from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)'. Comparative Education Review, Vol.64, No.1, pp.87-106.
  29. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2020). 'Evolving Micro-level Processes of Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Patterns and Implications at Primary and Lower Secondary Levels in China'. Educational Studies, Vol.46, No.2, pp. 170-187. DOI 10.1080/03055698.2018.1555452.
  30. Bray, Mark & Zhang, Wei (2019): 'Une privatisation par défaut: Expansion et enjeux du soutien scolaire privé en Asia' [‘Privatisation by Default: The Expansion and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Asia’], Revue Internationale d’Éducation de Sèvres, No.82, pp.102-112.
  31. Ghosh, Pubali, & Bray, Mark (2018).'Credentialism and Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: A Comparative Study of Students Following Two Examination Boards in India'. International Journal of Comparative Education and Development,Vol.20, No.1, pp.33-50.
  32. Bhorkar, Shalini & Bray, Mark (2018).'The Expansion and Roles of Private Tutoring in India: From Supplementation to Supplantation'. International Journal of Educational Development,Vol.62, pp.148-156.
  33. Bray, Mark; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa; Zhang, Wei; & Liu, Junyan (2018). 'The Hidden Curriculum in a Hidden Marketplace: Relationships and Values in Cambodia’s Shadow Education System'. Journal of Curriculum Studies, Vol.50, No.4, pp.435-455.
  34. Bray, Mark & Zhang, Wei. (2018). 'Public-Private Partnerships in Supplementary Education: Sharing Experiences in East Asian Contexts'. International Journal for Research on Extended Education, Vol.6, No.1, pp.98-107.
  35. Mahmud, Rafsan, & Bray, Mark (2017). 'School factors Underlying Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring in English: Urban and Rural Variations in Bangladesh'. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol.37, No.3, pp.299-309.
  36. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2018): 'Equalising Schooling, Unequalising Private Supplementary Tutoring: Access and Tracking through Shadow Education in China'. Oxford Review of Education, Vol.44, No.2, pp.221-238.
  37. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2017): 'Micro-neoliberalism in China: Public-Private Interactions at the Confluence of Mainstream and Shadow Education', Journal of Educational Policy, Vol.32, No.1, pp.63-81.
  38. Bray, Mark (2017): 'Schooling and Its Supplements: Changing Global Patterns and Implications for Comparative Education'. Comparative Education Review, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 469-491. Click here for the video of CIES 2017 Presidential Address. 
  39. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2017): ‘Determinants of Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring in China: Findings from a National Survey’, Education Economics, Vol.25, No.2, pp.205-218.
  40. Wang, Dan & Bray, Mark (2016): ‘When Whole-Person Development Encounters Social Stratification: Teachers’ Ambivalent Attitudes toward Private Supplementary Tutoring in Hong Kong’, Asia Pacific Education Researcher, Vol.25, No.5-6, pp.873-881. 
  41. Bray, Mark; Liu, Junyan; Zhang, Wei & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa (2016): ‘Confiance, défiance et (abus d’) autorité dans l’éducation au Cambodge: Leçons tirées de l’école de l’ombre’, Revue Internationale d’Éducation - Sèvres, No.72. pp.125-136. 
  42. Bray, Mark (2016): ‘Higher Education in Small States: Evolving Patterns in the Context of Globalisation’, Island Studies [University of Seychelles], Vol.4, pp.6-9.
  43. Bray, Mark; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa; Liu, Junyan & Zhang, Wei (2016): 'The Internal Dynamics of Privatised Public Education: Fee-charging Supplementary Tutoring Provided by Teachers in Cambodia'. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 49, pp. 291-299.
  44. Bray, Mark (2015): ‘La confiance en jeu et la croissance de l’éducation de l’ombre. Études de cas : Inde, Malaisie, Taïwan’. Revue International d’Éducation Sèvres. No.68, pp.81-92.
  45. Bray, Mark & Liu, Junyan (2015): ‘Conducting Research into Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methods and Approaches’. Peking University Education Review, Vol.13, No.3, pp.2-16. [in Chinese]
  46. Bray, Mark & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa (2015): ‘Evolving Ecosystems in Education: The Nature and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Hong Kong’. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, Vol.45, No.4, pp.465-481. 
  47. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2015): 'Shadow Education in Chongqing, China: Factors underlying Demand and Policy Implications'. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 83-106.
  48. Bray, Mark & Manzon, Maria (2014): ‘The Institutionalisation of Comparative Education in Asia and the Pacific: Roles and Contributions of Comparative Education Societies and the WCCES’. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol.34, No.2, pp.228-248.
  49. Bray, Mark & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa (2014): 'Measurement Issues in Research on Shadow Education: Challenges and Pitfalls Encountered in TIMSS and PISA'. Comparative Education Review, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 590-620. 
  50. Kwo, Ora & Bray, Mark (2014): 'Understanding the nexus between mainstream schooling and private supplementary tutoring: patterns and voices of Hong Kong secondary students'. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 403-416.
  51. Bray, Mark (2014): 'The impact of shadow education on student academic achievement: Why the research is inconclusive and what can be done about it'. Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 381-389.
  52. Chan, Claudia & Bray, Mark (2014): 'Marketised private tutoring as a supplement to regular schooling: Liberal Studies and the shadow sector in Hong Kong secondary education'. Journal of Curriculum Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 361-388.
  53. Zhan, Shengli; Bray, Mark; Wang, Dan; Lykins, Chad & Kwo, Ora (2014): 'The Effectiveness of Private Tutoring: Students' Perceptions in Comparison with Mainstream Schooling in Hong Kong'. Asia Pacific Education Review, in press.
  54. Bray, Mark; Zhan, Shengli; Lykins, Chad; Wang, Dan & Kwo, Ora (2014): 'Differentiated Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Patterns and Implications in Hong Kong Secondary Education'. Economics of Education Review, Vol.38, No.1, pp.24-37.
  55. Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2013): 'Behind the Façade of Fee-Free Education: Shadow Education and its Implications for Social Justice'. Oxford Review of Education, Vol.39, No.4, pp.480-497.
  56. Bray, Mark (2013): 'L'éducation parallèle: Nature et implications du tutorat extrascolaire privé en Europe'. Revue Internationale d'Éducation – Sèvres, No.66, pp.89-98.
  57. Bray, Mark (2013): 'Benefits and Tensions of Shadow Education: Comparative Perspectives on the Roles and Impact of Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Lives of Hong Kong Students'. Journal of International and Comparative Education, Vol.2, No.1, pp.18-30.
  58. Bray, Mark (2010): 'Comparative Education and International Education in the History of Compare: Boundaries, Overlaps and Ambiguities'. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, Vol.40, No.6, pp.711-725.
  59. Bray, Mark (2010): 'Researching Shadow Education: Methodological Challenges and Directions', Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol.11, No.1, pp.3-13.
  60. Crossley, Michael; Bray, Mark & Packer, Steve (2009): 'Education in the Small States of the Commonwealth: Towards and Beyond Global Goals and Targets', The Round Table, Vol.98, No.405, pp.731-751.
  61. Bray, Mark (2008): 'The WCCES and Intercultural Dialogue: Historical Perspectives and Continuing Challenges'.International Review of Education, Vol.54, Nos.3-4, pp.299-317.
  62. Bray, Mark (2007): 'Governance and Free Education: Directions, Mechanisms, and Policy Tensions'. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, Vol.XXXVII, No.1, pp.23-35.
  63. Li, Mei & Bray, Mark (2007): 'Cross-border Flows of Students for Higher Education: Push-Pull Factors and Motivations of Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau', Higher Education, Vol.53, No.6, pp.791-818.
  64. Li, Mei & Bray, Mark (2006): Social Class and Cross-Border Higher Education: Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau'. Journal of International Migration and Integration, Vol.7, No.4, pp.407-424.
  65. Bray, Mark (2006): 'Private Supplementary Tutoring: Comparative Perspectives on Patterns and Implications', Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, Vol.36, No.4, pp.515-530.
  66. Manzon, Maria & Bray, Mark (2006): 'The Comparative and International Education Society (CIES) and the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES): Leadership, Ambiguities and Synergies', Current Issues in Comparative Education, Vol.8, No.2, pp.69-83.
  67. Yamato, Yoko & Bray, Mark (2006): 'Economic Development and the Market Place for Education: Dynamics of the International Schools Sector in Shanghai, China', Journal of Research in International Education, Vol.5, No.1, pp.57-82.
  68. Mukundan, M.V. & Bray, Mark (2004): 'Decentralisation of Education in Kerala State, India: Rhetoric and Reality',International Review of Education, Vol.50, No.3, pp.223-243.
  69. Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (2004): 'Postcolonial Patterns and Paradoxes: Language and Education in Hong Kong and Macao', Comparative Education, Vol.40, No.2, pp.215-239.
  70. Bray, Mark & Kwok, Percy (2003): 'Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring: Conceptual Considerations, and Socio-Economic Patterns in Hong Kong'. Economics of Education Review, Vol.22, No.6, pp.611-620.
  71. Bray, Mark & Yoko Yamato (2003): 'Comparative Education in a Microcosm: Methodological Insights from the International Schools Sector in Hong Kong', International Review of Education, Vol.49, Nos. 1 & 2, pp.49-71.
  72. Bray, Mark (2003): 'Tradition, Change and the Role of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies',International Review of Education, Vol.49, Nos. 1 & 2, pp.1-13.
  73. Bray, Mark (2003): 'Community Initiatives in Education: Goals, Dimensions, and Linkages with Governments', Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, Vol.33, No.1, pp.31-45.
  74. Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2002): 'Higher Education in Small Territories: Political Transition and Development in Macau',Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol.3, No.2, pp.184-196.
  75. Bray, Mark (2002): 'Comparative Education in the Era of Globalisation: Evolution, Missions and Roles', Revista Española de Educación Comparada, No.8, pp.115-135.
  76. Bray, Mark (2002): 'Comparative Education in East Asia: Growth, Development and Contributions to the Global Field',Current Issues in Comparative Education, Vol.4, No.2, pp.70-80.
  77. Yamato, Yoko & Bray, Mark (2002): 'Education and Socio-Political Change: The Continued Growth and Evolution of the International Schools Sector in Hong Kong', Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol.3, No.1, pp.24-36.
  78. Bray, Mark & Gui Qin (2001): 'Comparative Education in Greater China: Contexts, Characteristics, Contrasts, and Contributions', Comparative Education, Vol.37, No.4, pp.451-473. Reprinted in Crossley, M., Broadfoot, P. & Schweisfurth, M. (eds.) (2007): Changing Educational Contexts, Issues and Identities: 40 Years of Comparative Education. London: Routledge, pp.319-349. German translation 'Vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft in chinesische sprechenden Gesellschaften: Entstehung, Entwicklung und Beiträge', in Eckhardt Fuchs (ed.), Bilding International: Historische Perspektiven und aktuelle Entwicklungen. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2006, pp.87-112.
  79. Bray, Mark & Borevskaya, Nina (2001): 'Financing Education in Transitional Societies: Lessons from Russia and China',Comparative Education, Vol.37, No.3, pp.345-366.
  80. Bray, Mark (2001): 'Out-of-School Supplementary Tutoring', Childhood Education: Infancy through Early Adolescence, Vol.77, No.6, pp.360-366.
  81. Bray, Mark & Adam, Khadeeja (2001): 'The Dialectic of the International and the National: Secondary School Examinations in Maldives', International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.21, No.3, pp.231-244.
  82. Tang Kwok Chun & Bray, Mark (2000): 'Colonial Models and the Evolution of Education Systems: Centralization and Decentralization in Hong Kong and Macau', Journal of Educational Administration, Vol.38, No.5, pp.468-485.
  83. Coyne, Geoffrey & Bray, Mark (1999): 'External Aid and Education in Small States: Structural Issues, and Insights from a World Bank Assisted Project in Solomon Islands', Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol.19, No.1, pp.31-43.
  84. Bray, Mark (1998): 'Financing Education in Developing Asia: Themes, Tensions, and Policies', International Journal of Educational Research, Vol.29, No.7, pp.627-42.
  85. Bray, Mark (1998): 'Regional Examinations Councils and Geopolitical Change: Commonality, Diversity, and Lessons from Experience', International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.18, No.4, pp.473-486.
  86. Bray, Mark & Gui Qin (1998): 'Comparative Education Research in the Asian Region: Implications for the Field as a Whole', Comparative Education Review [Beijing Normal University], No.112, pp.13-15 [in Chinese].
  87. Bray, Mark (1998): 'National Self-Determination and International Dependence: The Organisation and Control of Secondary School Examinations in the Small States of the Commonwealth', Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, Vol.5, No.2, pp.151-73.
  88. Bray, Mark (1997): 'Recognising the Burden on Households: Family and Community Financing of Primary Education in East Asia', Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, Vol.XI, No.2, pp.163-78.
  89. Bray, Mark (1997): 'Education and Colonial Transition: The Hong Kong Experience in Comparative Perspective',Comparative Education, Vol.33, No.2, pp.157-69.  French translation: 'L'éducation et la transition coloniale: l'expérience de Hong Kong dans une approche comparative', in Louis Augustine-Jean & Florence Padovani (eds.) (2007), Hong Kong Économie, Société, Culture. Paris : L'Harmattan, pp.333-358.
  90. Bray, Mark & Lee, W.O. (1996): 'Education and Socio-Political Transitions in Asia: Diversity and Commonality', Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Vol.16, No.1, pp.9-23. 
  91. Bray, Mark (1996): 'Equity Issues in Local Resourcing of Education: Community Financing of Primary Schools in Bhutan',International Review of Education, Vol.42, No.5, pp.495-514.
  92. Bray, Mark & Ieong, Pedro (1996): 'Education and Social Change: The Growth and Diversification of the International Schools Sector in Hong Kong', International Education, Vol.25, No.2, pp.49-73.
  93. Bray, Mark (1996): 'Educational Reform in a Small State: Bhutan's New Approach to Primary Education', International Journal of Educational Reform, Vol.5, No.1, pp.15-25.
  94. Bray, Mark & Thomas, R. Murray (1995): 'Levels of Comparison in Educational Studies: Different Insights from Different Literatures and the Value of Multilevel Analyses', Harvard Educational Review, Vol.65, No.3, pp.472-490. 
  95. Bray, Mark; Davaa, S., Spaulding, S. & Weidman J. (1994): 'Transition from Socialism and the Financing of Higher Education: The Case of Mongolia', Higher Education Policy, Vol.7, No.4, pp.36-42.
  96. Bray, Mark & Tang Kwok Chun (1994): 'Imported Textbooks, Non-Interventionist Policies and School Curricula in Macau',Curriculum and Teaching, Vol.9, No.2, pp.29-43.
  97. Bray, Mark (1994): 'Centralization/Decentralization and Privatization/Publicization: Conceptual Issues and the Need for More Research', International Journal of Educational Research, Vol.21, No.8, pp.817-24.
  98. Bray, Mark (1994): 'Decolonisation and Education: New Paradigms for the Remnants of Empire', Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, Vol.24, Vol.1, pp.37-51.
  99. Bray, Mark & Lee, W.O. (1993): 'Education, Democracy and Colonial Transition: The Case of Hong Kong', International Review of Education, Vol.39, No.6, pp.541-560. 
  100. Bray, Mark (1993): 'Education and the Vestiges of Colonialism: Self-Determination, Neocolonialism and Dependency in the South Pacific', Comparative Education, Vol.29, No.3, pp.333-48.
  101. Bray, Mark (1992): 'Centralization versus Decentralization in Curriculum Development: Contrasting Patterns in Hong Kong and Macau', New Horizons: Journal of the Hong Kong Teachers' Association, Vol.33, pp.15-23.
  102. Bray, Mark & Chhoeda, Tenzin (1992): 'The Implications of Size for Educational Development in Small States: The Case of Bhutan', Canadian and International Education, Vol.21, No.2, pp.5-22.
  103. Bray, Mark (1992): 'Colonialism, Scale and Politics: Divergence and Convergence of Educational Development in Hong Kong and Macau', Comparative Education Review, Vol.36, No.3, pp.322-42.
  104. Li Shouxin & Bray, Mark (1992): 'Attempting a Capitalist Form of Financing in a Socialist System: Student Loans in the People's Republic of China', Higher Education, Vol.23, No.4, pp.375-387.
  105. Bray, Mark (1991): 'Centralization versus Decentralization in Educational Administration: Regional Issues', Educational Policy, Vol.5, No.4, pp.371-85.
  106. Bray, Mark (1991): 'The Organization and Management of Ministries of Education in Small States', Public Administration and Development, Vol.11, No.1, pp.67-78. 
  107. Bray, Mark (1991): 'Strategies for Financing Higher Education: Perspectives from Hong Kong and Macau', Higher Education, Vol.20, No.1, pp.11-25. 
  108. Bray, Mark (1990): 'Provision of Higher Education in Small States: Demands, Constraints and Strategies', Higher Education Quarterly, Vol.44, No.3, pp.264-81.
  109. Bray, Mark (1990): 'The Quality of Education in Multiple-Shift Schools: How far does a Financial Saving Imply an Educational Cost?', Comparative Education, Vol.26, No.1, pp.73-81.
  110. Bray, Mark (1976): ‘Universal Primary Education in Kano State: The First Year’, Savanna, Vol.6, No.1, pp.3‑14.
  111. Bray, Mark (1978): ‘Primary School Construction in Northern Nigeria’, Journal of Education in Africa, Vol.1, No.1, pp.7‑12.
  112. Bray, Mark & Cooper, G.R. (1979): ‘Education and Nation Building in Nigeria since the Civil War’, Comparative Education, Vol.15, No.1, pp.33‑42.
  113. Bray, Mark (1981): ‘Policies and Progress towards Universal Primary Education’, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.31, No.4, pp.547‑63.
  114. Bray, Mark (1981): ‘Decentralisation and Educational Planning in Papua New Guinea: Diversity or Conformity?’, Administration for Development, No.17, pp.18‑30.
  115. Bray, Mark (1982): ‘The Re‑Emergence of Private Education in China’, International Review of Education, Vol.XXVIII, No.1, pp.95‑7.
  116. Bray, Mark & Boze, Kangu (1982): ‘Community School Wastage and Non‑Enrolment in the Western Province’, Papua New Guinea Journal of Education, Vol.18, No.2, pp.171‑84.
  117. Bray, Mark (1982): ‘The Right to Learn and the Neglect of Nonformal Education’, Yagl Ambu: Papua New Guinea Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol.9, No.3, pp.115‑26.
  118. Bray, Mark (1982): ‘High School Selection Policies in 1981: The Impact of Decentralisation’, Papua New Guinea Journal of Education, Vol.18, No.2, pp.155‑67.
  119. Bray, Mark (1983): ‘Universal Primary Education in Pakistan: A Perpetually Elusive Goal?’, International Review of Education, Vol.XXIX, No.1, pp.167‑78.
  120. Bray, Mark (1983): ‘The Politics of Free Education in Papua New Guinea’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.2, No.3, pp.281‑88.
  121. Bray, Mark (1984): ‘International Influences on African Educational Development’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.4, No.2, pp.129‑36.
  122. Bray, Mark (1984): ‘Obstacles to Nonformal Education Development: The Case of Papua New Guinea’, Convergence, Vol.XVII, No.2, pp.43‑51.
  123. Bray, Mark (1984): ‘Achievements and Constraints in the Training of Educational Planners’, Papua New Guinea Journal of Education, Vol.20, No.1, pp.53‑64.
  124. Bray, Mark & Toni, Malawa (1984): ‘Church‑Government Relations in the National Education System and the Role of Church Education Secretaries: An Equal or Unbalanced Partnership?’, Papua New Guinea Journal of Education, Vol.20, No.2, pp.151‑6.
  125. Smith, Peter; Bray, Mark & Crossley, Michael (1984): ‘University Outreach and National Needs: The Diploma in Educational Studies Programmes at UPNG’, Administration for Development, No.23, pp.13‑24.  Reprinted in Directions [Journal of the Institute of Education, University of the South Pacific], Vol.7, No.1, 1985, pp.50‑60.
  126. Bray, Mark (1984): ‘What Crisis in Educational Planning? A Perspective from Papua New Guinea’, International Review of Education, Vol.30, No.4, pp.427‑40.
  127. Bray, Mark (1985): ‘The Nature and Role of Nonformal Education: Some Third World‑First World Lessons and Contrasts’, Education Journal (Chinese University of Hong Kong), Vol.13, No.1, pp.98‑102.
  128. Bray, Mark (1985): ‘High School Selection in Less Developed Countries and the Quest for Equity: Conflicting Objectives and Opposing Pressures’, Comparative Education Review, Vol.29, No.2, pp.216‑31.
  129. Smith, Peter, Crossley, Michael & Bray, Mark (1985): ‘INSET Policies and Practice in Developing Countries’, Journal of Education for Teaching, Vol.11, No.2, pp.120‑32.  Reprinted in M. Crossley et al. (eds.), School‑Based In‑Service Training, National Department of Education, Papua New Guinea, 1986, pp.53‑68.
  130. Vulliamy, Graham & Bray, Mark (1985): ‘Planning Secondary Education in Papua New Guinea: A Comment on Bacchus’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, Vol.15, No.1, pp.95‑103.
  131. Bray, Mark (1985): ‘Education and Decentralisation in Less Developed Countries: A Comment on Trends, Issues and Problems, with Particular Reference to Papua New Guinea’, Comparative Education, Vol.21, No.3, pp.183‑96.
  132. Bray, Mark & Fergus, Howard (1986): ‘The Implications of Size for Educational Development in Small Countries: Montserrat, a Caribbean Case Study’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education, Vol.16, No.1, pp.91‑ 102.
  133. Bray, Mark (1986): ‘If UPE is the Answer, what is the Question? A Comment on Weaknesses in the Rationale for Universal Primary Education in Less Developed Countries’, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol.6, No.3, pp.147‑58.
  134. Bray, Mark (1986): ‘Community Financing of Schools in Less Developed Countries: Mechanisms and Issues’, Community Development Journal, Vol.21, No.3, pp.169‑80.
  135. Bray, Mark (1986): ‘Student Loans for Higher Education: The Hong Kong Experience in International Perspective’, Higher Education, Vol.23, Nos.3‑4, pp.343‑54.
  136. Bray, Mark (1987): ‘Small Countries in International Development’, Journal of Development Studies, Vol.23, No.2, pp.295‑300.
  137. Bray, Mark (1987): ‘Is Free Education in the Third World either Desirable or Possible?’, Journal of Education Policy, Vol.3, No.2, pp.119‑29.
  138. Kwo, Ora & Bray, Mark (1987): ‘Language and Education in Hong Kong: New Policies but Unresolved Problems’, RELC Journal [Regional English Language Centre, Singapore], Vol.12, No.1, pp.98‑108.
  139. Bray, Mark (1988): ‘School Size and Unit Costs: International Evidence and its Usefulness’, Research in Rural Education, Vol.5, No.1, pp.7‑11.
  140. Bray, Mark & Hui, Philip (1989): ‘The Implications of Size for Educational Planning in Small Territories: The Case of Macau’, International Review of Education, Vol.35, No.2, pp.129‑43.
  141. Bray, Mark (1989): ‘The Role of School Clusters: A Framework for Helping Small Schools’, Education and Society, Vol.7, No.1, pp.53‑56.
  142. Attwood, James & Bray, Mark (1989): ‘Wealthy but Small and Young: Brunei Darussalam and its Education System’, Education Research and Perspectives, Vol.16, No.1, pp.70‑82.
  143. Bray, Mark (1989): ‘Education, Training and Economic Performance’, British Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol.10, No.3, pp.383‑6.

 

Chapters in Books

  1. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2024): ‘Privatisation by Default: The Global Expansion and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring’, in Santalova, Antonina & Poder, Kaire (eds.), Privatisation in and of Public Education. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.85-104.https://academic.oup.com/book/56174/chapter-abstract/443184254?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false
  2. Bray, Mark (2023): ‘Control of Education: Issues and Tensions in Centralization and Decentralization’, in Carlos A. Torres,  Robert F. Arnove & Lauren Ila Misiaszek (eds.), Comparative Education: The Dialectic of the Global and the Local, fifth edition, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp.221-242.
  3. Mizala, A., Christensen, S., Verger, A., Bray, M., Zhang, W., Sarangapani, P.M., Yonezawa, A. and Ogunniran, M.O. (2022) ‘Political Economy of Education: Implications for Efficiency, Equity, and Social Justice’, in Vickers, E.A., Pugh, K. and Gupta, L. (eds.), Education and Context in Reimagining Education: The International Science and Evidence based Education Assessment [Duraiappah, A.K., Atteveldt, N.M. van et al. (eds.)]. New Delhi: UNESCO MGIEP, pp.166-254.
  4. Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Shadow Education in Asia and the Pacific: Features and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring’. In Lee, Wing-On ; Brown, Phillip ; Goodwin, A. Lin & Green, Andy (eds.), International Handbook on Education Development in Asia-Pacific. Singapore: Springer, pp.1-23.
  5. Bray, Mark (2022): ‘Shadow Education’, in Tierney, Robert; Rizvi, Fazal; Ercikan, Kadriye & Smith, Graham (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford: Elsevier.
  6. Yung, Kevin W.H. & Bray, Mark (2021): ‘Globalisation and the Expansion of Shadow Education: Changing Shapes and Forces of Private Supplementary Tutoring’, in Zajda, Joseph (ed.), Third International Handbook of Globalisation, Education and Policy Research, Cham: Springer, pp.679-697.
  7. Bray, Mark (2020): ‘Shadow Education: Scale, Drivers and Future Directions in the Global Spread of Private Supplementary Tutoring’, in Humanist Futures of Learning: Perspectives from UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN Networks. Paris: UNESCO, pp.100-104. Weblink here  Also in French: ‘À l’ombre du système éducatif : facteurs et orientations futures de l’offre mondiale de soutien scolaire privé’, in Les futurs humanistes de l’apprentissage : Perspectives des Chaires UNESCO et des Réseaux UNITWIN, Paris : UNESCO, pp.111-116 Weblink here and KoreanWeblink here, with a summary in   Chinese: 影子教育：私立补习全球扩散背景下的规模、动力和未来走向Weblink here
  8. Bray, Mark; Liu, Junyan; Zhang, Wei & Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa (2019): ‘(Mis-)Trust and (Abuse of) Authority in Cambodian Education: Parallel Lessons in the Shadow’ in Schüpbach, Marianne & Lilla, Nanine (eds.), Extended Education from an International Comparative Point of View. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.7-21.
  9. Feng, Siyuan & Bray, Mark (2019): 'Outside-School-Time Activities and Shadow Education', in Suter, Larry E.; Smith, Emma & Deman Brian (eds.), SAGE Handbook of Comparative Studies in Education. Los Angeles, SAGE (in press).
  10. Yung, Kevin Wai-Ho & Bray, Mark (2017): ‘Shadow Education: Features, Expansion and Implications’, in Tse, Kwan-Choi Thomas & Lee, Michael H. (eds.), Making Sense of Education in Post-Handover Hong Kong: Achievements and Challenges. London: Routledge, pp.95-111. 
  11. Liu, Junyan & Bray, Mark (2017): ‘Understanding Shadow Education from the Perspective of Economics of Education’, in Johnes, Geraint; Johnes, Jill; Agasisti, Tommaso & López-Torres, Laura (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of Education. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar (in press).
  12. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2016): 'Shadow Education: The Rise and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring', in Guo, Shibao & Guo, Yan (eds.), Spotlight on China: Changes in Education under China’s Market Economy (Comparative and International Education: A Diversity of Voices). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
  13. Bray, Mark (2015): ‘Symbiosis which Complements, or Parasitism which Weakens? International Perspectives on Relationships between Shadow Education and Schooling’, in Kodakos, Anastassios & Kalavasis, Fragiskos (eds.), Shadow Education System: Border Management Models of the School with the Structures of Education Market. Athens: Diadrasi, pp.109-141 (in both English and Greek).
  14. Bray, Mark (2015): ‘Exacerbating or Reducing Disparities? The Global Expansion of Shadow Education and Implications for the Teaching Profession’, in Ono, Yumiko (ed.), Challenging Disparities in Education, 59th Yearbook of Teacher Education. Naruto: Naruto University of Education for the International Council on Education for Teaching (ICET), pp.14-29.
  15. Bray, Mark (2015): 'Expanding within and beyond HKU: 1996 – 2001', Maria Manzon (ed.), Changing Times, Changing Territories: Reflections on CERC and the Field of Comparative Education. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, pp.27-38.
  16. Bray, Mark (2015): 'New Directions with UNESCO and More: 2010 – present', Maria Manzon (ed.), Changing Times, Changing Territories: Reflections on CERC and the Field of Comparative Education. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, pp.63-75.
  17. Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2015): ‘Designing and Implementing Mixed Approaches to Shadow Education Research: Experiences and Lessons in Hong Kong’, in Bray, Mark; Kwo, Ora & Jokić, Boris (eds.),Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methodological Lessons from Diverse Cultures. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.149-178.
  18. Bray, Mark & Kwo, Ora (2015): ‘Organisational and Cross-Cultural Issues: Learning from Research Approaches’, in Bray, Mark; Kwo, Ora & Jokić, Boris (eds.), Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methodological Lessons from Diverse Cultures. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.261-288.
  19. Bray, Mark; Zhang, Wei; Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa & Liu, Junyan (2015): ‘Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring in Cambodia: Contexts, Instruments and Approaches’, in Bray, Mark; Kwo, Ora & Jokić, Boris (eds.), Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methodological Lessons from Diverse Cultures. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.219-244.
  20. Menefee, Trey & Bray, Mark (2015): ‘Quality and Equity in Education’, in Silvester, Katie (ed.),Commonwealth Education Partnerships 2015/16. London:  Nexus for the Commonwealth Secretariat, pp.27-29.
  21. Bray, Mark (2014): ‘Understanding International and Comparative Education Research’, in Reid, Alan D; Hart, Paul E; & Peters, Michael A. (eds.), A Companion to Research in Education. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.333-339.
  22. Bray, Mark & Kobakhidze, Nutsa (2014): 'The Global Spread of Shadow Education: Supporting or Undermining Qualities of Education?', in Napier, Diane Brook; Acedo, Clementina & Pitman, Allan (eds.), Qualities of Education in a Globalized World. Rotterdam: Sense, pp.185-200.
  23. Zhang, Wei & Bray, Mark (2013): 'Researching Supplementary Education: Plans, Realities, and Lessons from Fieldwork in China', Aurini, Janice; Davies, Scott & Dierkes, Julian (ed.), Out of the Shadows: The Global Intensification of Supplementary Education. Bingley: Emerald, pp.67-94.
  24. Bray, Mark (2013): 'Shadow Education: The Rise of Private Tutoring and Associated Corruption Risks', in Transparency International (ed.), Global Corruption Report: Education. London: Routledge, pp.83-87.
  25. Mazawi, André E., Sultana, Ronald G. & Bray, Mark (2013): 'Beyond Shadows: Equity, Diversity, and Private Tutoring, inBray, Mark; Mazawi, André & Sultana, Ronald (eds.), Private Tutoring across the Mediterranean: Power Dynamics, and Implications for Learning and Equity. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, pp.205-216.
  26. Martin, Michaela & Bray, Mark (2012): 'Higher Education in Small States', in Adamson, Bob; Nixon, Jon & Su, Feng (eds.),The Reorientation of Higher Education: Challenging the East-West Dichotomy. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.50-75.
  27. Bray, Mark (2011): 'Four Milestones in the work of IIEP', in Bray, Mark & Varghese, N.V. (eds.), Directions in Educational Planning: International Experiences and Perspectives. UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, pp.35-62.
  28. Bray, Mark (2011): 'The Small-States Paradigm and its Evolution', in Martin, Michaela & Bray, Mark (eds.), Tertiary Education in Small States: Planning in the Context of Globalization. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, pp.37-72.
  29. Manzon, Maria & Bray, Mark (2007): 'Comparing the Comparers: Common Patterns, Uncommon Themes', in Masemann, Vandra; Bray, Mark & Manzon, Maria (eds.), Common Interests, Uncommon Goals: Histories of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies and its Members. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, and Dordrecht: Springer, pp.336-363. Revised and updated version published in Japanese (2013): 'Comparing the Comparers: The Global Development of Professional Comparative Education Societies', in Yamada, Shoko & Minoru Morishita (eds.), Opening the Horizon of Comparative Education: Academic Perspectives and Intellectual Collaboration. Tokyo: Toshindo, pp.101-125.
  30. Bray, Mark & Silova, Iveta (2006): 'The Private Tutoring Phenomenon: International Patterns and Perspectives', in Silova, Iveta; Budiene, Virginija & Bray, Mark (eds.): Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring. New York: Open Society Institute, pp.27-40.
  31. Bray, Mark & Tang, Kwok-Chun (2006): 'Building and Diversifying Education Systems: Evolving Patterns and Contrasting Trends in Hong Kong and Macau', in Bjork, Chris (ed.), Educational Decentralization: Asian Experiences and Conceptual Contributions, Springer, Dordrecht, pp.71-95.
  32. Bray, Mark (2003): 'Other Fields and Ours: Academic Discourse and the Nature of Comparative Education', in Nikolay Popov (ed.), Comparative Education in Teacher Training, Bureau for Educational Services, Sofia, pp.9-20. Reprinted in Comparative and International Education Review [Athens], No.3, 2004, pp.61-85.
  33. Bray, Mark (2001): 'Higher Education and Colonial Transition in Macau: Market Forces and State Intervention in a Small Society', in Bray, Mark & Lee, W.O. (eds.), Education and Political Transition: Themes and Experiences in East Asia. CERC Studies in Comparative Education 1, second edition; Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, pp.139-161.
  34. Bray, Mark (1999): 'Continuity and Change in Education', in Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (eds.), Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macau: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change, Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, pp.225-241.  Chinese-language version published 2002, pp.203-218. Revised second edition (English) 2004, pp.251-269. Revised second edition (Chinese) 2005, pp.239-257.
  35. Bray, Mark (1999): 'Methodology and Focus in Comparative Education'; in Bray, Mark & Koo, Ramsey (eds.), Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macau: Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change, Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, pp.209-223.  Chinese-language version published 2002, pp.189-202. Revised second edition (English) 2004, pp.237-250. Revised second edition (Chinese) 2005, pp.225-228.
  36. Bray, Mark (1999): 'Control of Education: Issues and Tensions in Centralization and Decentralization', in Robert F. Arnove & Carlos A. Torres (eds.), Comparative Education: The Dialectic of the Global and the Local, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland, pp.207-232. Revised version in second edition, 2003, pp.204-228. Further revised version in third edition, 2007, pp.175-196. Further revised version in fourth edition, 2013, pp.201-222.
  37. Bray, Mark (1999): 'Community Financing of Education: Cultural Variations and Policy Dilemmas in Less Developed Countries', in Leach, Fiona & Little, Angela (eds.), Education, Cultures, and Economics: Dilemmas for Development, Falmer, New York, pp.183-202.
  38. Bray, Mark (1998): 'Privatisation of Secondary Education: Issues and Policy Implications', in UNESCO, Education for the Twenty-first Century: Issues and Prospects, UNESCO, Paris pp.109-133. 
  39. Bray, Mark (1997): 'Education and Decolonization: Comparative Perspectives on Change and Continuity', in William K. Cummings & Noel McGinn (eds.), International Handbook of Education and Development: Preparing Schools, Students and Nations for the Twenty-First Century, Pergamon, Oxford, pp.103-118.
  40. Bray, Mark (1997): 'Education and the Labour Market', in G.A. Postiglione & W.O. Lee (eds.), Schooling in Hong Kong: Organization, Teaching and Social Context, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp.43-63.
  41. Bray, Mark (1997): 'Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands', in G.A. Postiglione & G.C.L. Mak (eds.), Asian Higher Education: An International Handbook and Reference Guide, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, pp.245-263.
  42. Bray, Mark (1997): 'Community Financing of Education: Rationales, Mechanisms, and Policy Implications in Less Developed Countries', in Christopher Colclough (ed.), Marketizing Education and Health in Developing Countries: Miracle or Mirage?, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 185-204.
  43. Lee, Wing-on & Bray, Mark (1995): 'Education: Evolving Patterns and Challenges', in Cheng, Joseph Y.S. & Lo, Sonny (eds.),From Colony to SAR: Hong Kong's Challenges Ahead, The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, pp.357-78.  Chinese edition published 1997, pp.401-21.
  44. Bray, Mark (1995): 'The Quality of Education in Private Schools: Historical Patterns and the Impact of Recent Policies', in Siu, P.K. & Tam, P.T.K. (eds.), Quality in Education: Insights from Different Perspectives, The Hong Kong Educational Research Association, Hong Kong, pp.183-98.
  45. Bray, Mark (1995): 'Macau', in Paul Morris & Anthony Sweeting (eds.), Education and Development in East Asia, Garland, New York, pp.185-201.
  46. Crawford, Nick & Bray, Mark (1994): 'Hong Kong', in Kas Mazurek & Margret Winzer (eds.), Comparative Studies in Special Education, Gallaudet University Press, Washington, pp.286-302.
  47. Bray, Mark (1992): 'Financing Higher Education through Student Loans: A Comparative Perspective', in Y.P. Chung & Y.C. Wong (eds.), The Economics and Financing of Hong Kong Education, The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, pp.283-96.
  48. Bray, Mark & Hui, Philip (1991): 'Structure and Content of Education: Evolution and Reform in the Transitional Period', in R.D. Cremer (ed.), Macau: City of Commerce and Culture, second edition, API Press, Hong Kong, pp.299-313.
  49. Bray, Mark (1991/1992): 'Hong Kong Education in an International Context: The Impact of External Forces', in G.A. Postiglione with J.Y.M. Leung (eds.), Education and Society in Hong Kong: Toward One Country and Two Systems, M.E. Sharpe, New York [1991]/Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong [1992], pp.83-94.
  50. Bray, Mark & Hui, Philip (1991): 'Curriculum Development in Macau', in Colin Marsh & Paul Morris (eds.), Curriculum Development in East Asia, Falmer Press, London, pp.184-204.
  51. Bray, Mark (1990): 'The Economics of Education', in R. Murray Thomas (ed.), International Comparative Education: Practices, Issues, and Prospects, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp.253-75.
  52. Bray, Mark; Dondo, J.M.C. & Moemeka, A.A. (1976): ‘Education and the Community in Africa: Two Case Studies from Kenya and Nigeria’, in Kenneth King (ed.), Education and Community in Africa, Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, pp.217‑38.
  53. Bray, Mark (1978): ‘Education and Cultural Pluralism in Nigeria’, in T. Corner (ed.), Education in Multi‑Cultural Societies, Comparative Education Society in Europe, Edinburgh, pp.72‑86.
  54. Bray, Mark (1984, reprinted 1987): ‘Education, National Unity and Cultural Diversity in Nigeria’, in Trevor Corner (ed.), Education in Multicultural Societies, Croom Helm, London, pp.236‑46.
  55. Bray, Mark (1985): ‘Decentralisation and Educational Inequalities’, in Peter King et al. (eds.), From Rhetoric to Reality?  Papua New Guinea's Eight Point Plan and National Goals after a Decade, University of Papua New Guinea Press, Port Moresby, pp.395‑414.
  56. Bray, Mark (1985): ‘Decentralisation and Equality of Educational Opportunity in Papua New Guinea’, in Jon Lauglo & Martin McLean (eds.), The Control of Education: Issues in the Centralisation‑ Decentralisation Debate, Heinemann, London, pp.142‑58.
  57. Bray, Mark (1985): ‘The Problem of School Drop‑Outs in the Context of Micro‑Level Planning and Management’, Training Module in Micro‑Level Educational Planning and Management, UNESCO, Bangkok, pp.55‑71.
  58. Bray, Mark & Coombe, Trevor (1987): ‘Financing Education in the Third World: Constraints and Strategies’, Third World Affairs 1987, Third World Foundation, London, pp.421‑33.
  59. Bray, Mark (1987): ‘Case Study: Hong Kong’, in Maureen Woodhall, Lending for Learning: Designing a Student Loan Programme for Developing Countries, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, pp.99‑109.

  • (2016/17)   President, Comparative and International Education Society (CIES)

  1. (2012-2016)   UNESCO Liaison Representative, World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES).
  2. (2012 to date)   Board of Directors, Comparative Education Society of Asia.
  3. (2006-2010)   Director (on secondment from HKU): UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Paris 
  4. (2004-2007)   President, World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES) 
  5. (2002-2006)   Dean, Faculty of Education, HKU 
  6. (1998-2000)   President, Comparative Education Society of Hong Kong 

Notice

We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you agree with it. Learn more